Greffe de Cornée

Qu'est-ce que la greffe de cornée ?

La greffe de cornée, également appelée kératoplastie, greffe de cornée ou greffe d'œil, consiste à retirer le tissu cornéen déformé ou ayant perdu sa transparence et à le remplacer par un tissu cornéen sain prélevé sur un donneur décédé. La greffe de cornée est la chirurgie de greffe la plus couramment pratiquée et la plus réussie avec plus de 40 000 fois effectuées chaque année.

Pourquoi la greffe de cornée est-elle effectuée ?

La greffe de cornée est réalisée pour traiter les affections suivantes :

  • L'augmentation de l'opacité de la cornée due à l'endommagement des cellules de la cornée.
  • Le kératocône, qui est la condition où la cornée prend une forme conique, gênant la vision.
  • Les maladies cornéennes héréditaires.
  • Le tissu cicatriciel ou la néovascularisation résultant d'infections cornéennes, par exemple le virus de l'herpès simplex, HSV.
  • La formation de taches sur la cornée après une blessure.

Un transfert de cornée est recommandé dans ces cas ou lorsqu'une cornée greffée est rejetée par l'organisme.

Quelles sont les conditions pour une greffe de cornée ?

Pour bénéficier pleinement d'une greffe de cornée, la structure de l'œil du patient doit être saine en dehors de la cornée. S'il y a des dommages à la rétine du patient, il n'y aura aucun avantage de la greffe de cornée. Plus précisément, si un patient bénéficiera d'une greffe de cornée ou non sera déterminé par un ophtalmologiste après la réalisation d'une échographie ophtalmologique.

 

En Turquie, il existe 2 principales "banques de cornées", l'une à Istanbul et l'autre à Ankara. Les banques de cornées sont chargées de stocker les cornées données, de déterminer si le tissu convient à la greffe et de le livrer aux centres où la greffe de cornée sera effectuée. Les cornées sont prélevées sur des donneurs d'organes récemment décédés qui ont des tissus de cornée sains. On s'assure que les cornées sont saines et ne transmettent aucune maladie. La cornée est un tissu non vasculaire, la compatibilité du groupe sanguin n'est donc pas requise.

Quels sont les éléments à prendre en compte avant la greffe de cornée ?

Avant la chirurgie, le patient subit un examen oculaire approfondi pour s'assurer que la procédure sera à la fois sûre et efficace. Le patient est invité à se faire mesurer l'œil avant d'arriver en Turquie pour trouver un donneur de cornée de taille similaire. De plus, le patient peut avoir besoin d'arrêter de prendre certains médicaments, les antécédents médicaux du patient sont examinés par l'ophtalmologiste traitant. Le patient doit arriver en Turquie un jour avant la chirurgie.

Comment se déroule la greffe de cornée ?

Avant le début de la chirurgie, une anesthésie générale ou, généralement, locale est administrée. Une anesthésie locale est appliquée sur les yeux et les zones environnantes. Ensuite, les paupières sont soigneusement nettoyées pour minimiser le risque d'infection. Un petit instrument est attaché entre les paupières pour les maintenir ouvertes pendant la chirurgie. Le chirurgien détermine le diamètre cornéen à utiliser pour la greffe de cornée et enlève soigneusement les parties endommagées de la cornée par une incision pratiquée avec un instrument spécial. Si la chirurgie de la cataracte doit être pratiquée simultanément, la cataracte est retirée à ce stade et une lentille intraoculaire est placée à la place de la lentille naturelle de l'œil. Ensuite, la cornée transparente du donneur est placée sur le lit du receveur et suturée à l'aide de méthodes microchirurgicales. À la fin de l'opération, une pommade antibiotique est appliquée sur l'œil et l'œil est fermé avec une housse de protection.

 

La chirurgie dure de 30 minutes à une heure et se fait un œil à la fois.

Quels sont les éléments à prendre en compte après une greffe de cornée ?

Après la chirurgie, il est recommandé au patient de :

  • Utiliser ses médicaments sur ordonnance conformément aux instructions de ses ophtalmologistes.
  • Ne pas exercer de pression physique sur ses yeux et ne pas les frotter.
  • Se laver les cheveux avec la tête penchée, comme chez le coiffeur, pour ne pas mettre d'eau ou de savon dans les yeux.
  • Porter des lunettes de soleil à l'extérieur.
  • Éviter les exercices intenses tels que la natation, l'haltérophilie ou le vélo.

L'ophtalmologiste traitant décidera quand les points seront retirés après la chirurgie. Habituellement, les points de suture sont retirés quelques mois après la chirurgie.

Quels sont les risques d'une greffe de cornée ?

La greffe de cornée a un taux de rejet moyen de 5%, ce faible taux est causé par le fait que la cornée n'a généralement pas de vaisseaux sanguins et que le manque de circulation sanguine rend une réponse du système immunitaire moins probable. Les risques d'une greffe de cornée comprennent, mais sans s'y limiter :

  • Infection
  • Saignement
  • Excès de pression oculaire, glaucome
  • Séparation des couches internes de l'œil, décollement de la rétine
  • Rejet de la cornée nouvellement transplantée

Une greffe de cornée peut être répétée si nécessaire sans inconvénients majeurs. Une irrégularité cornéenne postopératoire peut ralentir la récupération de la vision. Cependant, la vision s'améliorera progressivement dans l'année suivant la chirurgie.

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